How can we see individual stars in a globular cluster when they must be fainter than the Sun?


Because these stars are nearly all GIANT stars several hundred times brighter than the Sun. For example, the absolute magnitude of the Sun is about +5.0. A giant star has an absolute magnitude of 0 to -2.0, and at a distance of 10 kiloparsecs you get an apparent magnitude of at least -2.0 -5 + 5xlog(10,000) = +13.0. Some stars are intrinsically brighter than this. The masses of these stars are only about that of the Sun.